Logic 1 Same First Author: A first author detected by OpenAlex algorithm with possibility of multiple first authors. Good R-values of the same first author(s) as a first author(s) in other papers: 1.19

Logic 2 Same Authors in Any Team: Good R-values of the same authors with any team in other papers: 24.84, 12.85, 9.21, 7.90, 7.81, 6.99, 6.46, 6.33, 5.94, 5.88, 5.26, 5.16, 5.14, 5.14, 4.71, ... (121 found, truncated)

Same Authors Duplicates: duplicates across 2 logical groups are not added up in the final calculation, duplicates are shown with asterisk*.

Same Authors Total Good R-values: same authors total good non-duplicated R-values for above 2 logical groups: 121

Article Expected CPY (Citations per Year): 2.14 Expected CPY Help

Article Actual CPY: 5.47 Actual CPY Help

Article Co-Citation FCR (Field Citation Rate): 1.80 FCR Help

Article Co-Citation Network Size: 1682 Co-Citation Network Size Help

Article Topics: CMOS Image Sensor Technology, Analog Circuit Design for Biomedical Applications, Memristive Devices for Neuromorphic Computing Topics help

Article Keywords: Pixel-Level ADC, CMOS Image Sensors, Photon Counting Keywords Help

Journal: I.E.E.E. transactions on electron devices/IEEE transactions on electron devices

Journal IF-ycr: 2.347 Journal IF-ycr Help

Journal short code: NA

Journal ISSN: 0018-9383

Journal OA-ID: 162355128

Expected CPY Help: Predicted citations per year for this article, derived from its Field Citation Rate (FCR) using a benchmark regression of NIH-funded papers. Values above actual CPY indicate under-performance; below indicate over-performance. Used as the denominator of the Relative Citation Ratio.

Actual CPY Help: Average yearly citations the article has received from publication through the current year, adjusted for partial years. Used as the numerator of the Relative Citation Ratio.

FCR Help: Mean journal citation rate for all papers in the article's co-citation network. For each network paper we substitute its journal’s impact factor (calculated from open data) as a proxy for citations per year, then average these values. This captures the citation intensity of the article's immediate research field and forms the basis for computing expected CPY.

Co-Citation Network Size Help: Number of unique papers co-cited with this article by its citing papers; larger networks yield more stable field estimates when calculating FCR and expected CPY.

Topics Help: OpenAlex assigns topics to each paper with an AI model that considers the title, abstract, journal, and citation links. Tags are chosen from about 4,500 research areas, and the highest-confidence tag becomes the paper's primary topic. Every topic sits in a hierarchy of domain, field, and subfield, so you can see exactly where the work fits in the wider map of science.

Keywords Help: Keywords are generated automatically from the paper's assigned topics. The OpenAlex system selects candidate terms, then keeps up to five that match closely with the title or abstract. These keywords highlight specific concepts or methods and give a quick complement to the broader topic tags.

Journal IF-ycr Help: Journal IF-ycr is a two-year impact factor recalculated from OpenAlex's open citation data. For a given journal and year Y, we:

1. Count citations made in year Y by any paper to items that the journal published in years Y-1 and Y-2 (excluding the current year).
2. Divide that citation count by the number of articles the journal published in those same two years.